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A considerable number of Malayalees aspire to go abroad for education and employment opportunities, seeking a better life and a brighter future. However, language proficiency tests pose a significant obstacle for many individuals. Unlike Gulf countries, European nations and the United States place significant emphasis on language knowledge tests.
Language proficiency tests are often mandatory for individuals seeking employment or pursuing higher education in the United States and European countries. There may be several questions that arise regarding the types of language knowledge tests, the passing scores, and the associated costs. Let us explore the various language proficiency tests, their eligibility criteria, and the countries that acknowledge them.
Language proficiency tests primarily focus on assessing one's knowledge of the English language. They are conducted for individuals from non-English speaking countries who wish to study or work in an English-speaking country. The objective of such tests is to ascertain the individual's proficiency in the language and their ability to communicate effectively in a common language. This is why language proficiency test scores are mandatory.
The level of language proficiency required for a particular job or course of study depends on its structure and complexity. Therefore, predetermined language proficiency scores must be met by individuals who wish to work or study abroad. These scores and criteria differ according to the type of language knowledge test undertaken. Additionally, language proficiency tests are not limited to English, as they can be conducted for any language. Countries such as France and Germany require workers and students to learn and demonstrate proficiency in their respective languages. Specific language proficiency tests are available to evaluate proficiency in these languages.
There are four main English language proficiency tests: IELTS, TOEFL, CAE, and CPE. Each of these tests has its own scoring system and requirements for minimum scores. IELTS and TOEFL are globally recognized as the standard tests for assessing English language proficiency.

IELTS
IELTS is a full-fledged English knowledge test called the International English Language Testing System. Many European countries, such as the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, generally consider IELTS as a measure of English knowledge. Knowledge of English is required in these countries for work as well as for higher studies. Especially in jobs where communication with people is important. It is also very important for subjects of study where language is of particular importance.

There are four components that are tested for IELTS:
The English language proficiency tests evaluate the candidate's ability in four fundamental skills of the language: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Each skill is assessed separately and scored on a scale of 1 to 9. The final score is calculated based on the cumulative scores of all four skills. The test duration is divided into four sections: reading (60 minutes), listening (30 minutes), writing (60 minutes), and speaking (11 to 14 minutes).
IELTS is divided into two main categories: academic and general. The academic category is intended for individuals pursuing higher education or other fields where language proficiency is crucial. The general category assesses basic communication skills. Both categories have varying question types and difficulty levels. The exam is available in two formats: paper-based and computer-based. The speaking test can be scheduled on the same day as the other sections or within three days of the other sections.
The IELTS exam comprises various question types, including multiple-choice, diagram reading, short answer writing, and fill-in-the-blank exercises. Grammar and language usage are essential components of the test, and specialized training is often necessary to prepare for it. Additional fees apply for such training. The cost of the exam itself ranges from Rs 18,000 to Rs 20,000, and this is the only expense for self-prepared candidates. The IELTS scores are valid for up to two years, after which individuals must retake the test.
Individuals who prepare for the IELTS exam on their own can access online learning resources. The exam is jointly administered by the British Council, IDP, and Cambridge. In India, IDP Limited is responsible for conducting the exam, and candidates can apply through their website. Test-takers can choose a convenient date for the exam.
Institutions typically require a specific score on the language knowledge test, based on the course or job requirements. This information can usually be obtained prior to taking the exam. The necessary score band for higher education is often in the range of 6 to 7, or 7.5. However, these requirements are not set in stone and may vary depending on the circumstances.

TOEFL
TOEFL is another globally recognized language knowledge test, similar to IELTS. It holds greater acceptance in the United States, although IELTS scores are also recognized in some places. The full form of TOEFL is "The Test of English as a Foreign Language", and it places particular emphasis on university use. Currently, it is referred to as TOEFL IBT due to the shift to an online format. IBT stands for internet-based test, and it can be taken at a testing center or from the comfort of one's own home. Test-takers who choose to take the exam at home will need to record their speaking sections and submit them separately.
The TOEFL exam consists of four sections: Reading, Writing, Speaking, and Listening, and is three hours long. Each section carries a maximum of 30 marks, for a total of 120 marks. The score obtained on the exam will be valid for up to two years. The average required score ranges from 90 to 100 out of 120, which is equivalent to a B2 level in the European Common Framework. Additionally, some universities may require a minimum score in each category. The application fee for the TOEFL exam is approximately Rs 20,000.

CAE or Cambridge English; Advanced
The C1 Advanced Exam, also called the Cambridge Advanced English Exam, is designed to assess English language proficiency of individuals who have knowledge of the language. A score of 7-8 on IELTS or 110-120 on TOEFL is considered equivalent to achieving a passing score. However, unlike IELTS and TOEFL, the C1 Advanced Exam may not be universally accepted, and candidates should check the relevant requirements before taking the test.
The C1 Advanced Exam consists of a variety of question types including Multiple Choice, fill in the Blanks, and Match the Choices. The exam typically takes around 4 hours to complete, and scores are awarded on a scale of A, B, C, and B2, with A being the highest score achievable.

CPE or Cambridge English; Proficiency
This exam, also developed by Cambridge, evaluates English language proficiency at a C2 level, which represents the highest level of English proficiency above C1. It is also a 4-hour long exam with a fee ranging from approximately Rs 14,000 to Rs 18,000.
It is essential to focus on obtaining a satisfactory score on language proficiency tests required by the country and university where one plans to study. This is because language skills play a critical role in survival and personal development when living abroad. Therefore, it is crucial to prioritize language proficiency when preparing for studies in a foreign country.

An article by Mujeebulla K M
Translated by Deena Hateek
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